Assignment 16

Time Line:

• Poker Theme
• Poker Cards
• Poker Chips

Examples:

I like the way the cards are layed out and the color theme

I like the stackign of the poker chips and the layout of the cards

Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

What is an abacus?

Performed simple math calculations

In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?

The first freely programmable computer

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.

In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?

Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?

For the Census bureau

What does UNIVAC stand for?

Universal Automatic Computer

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?

International Business Machines

What is FORTRAN?

The first successful high level programming language...The IBM mathematical formula translating system

Post a photo of the first mouse.

In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?

He made computers more user-friendly by inventing the computer mouse

What is the significance of ARPnet?

The first internet. It was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers

In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.

The first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004:

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.

The first "memory disk", commonly called the "floppy disk" because of its flexibilty:

In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?

The first ethernet computer network

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.

Altair^

Apple I^

Apple II^

TRS-80^

Commodore PET^

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?

The MS-DOS computer operating system which was packages with the IBM PC

Post a photo of the Lisa computer.

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?

Apple!

What is GUI?

Graphical User Interface

Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.

In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?

The Apple Macintosh computer

The commercial only ran one time. When?

January 22, 1984 on the Super Bowl

In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?

The Windows operating system

Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?

Steve Jobs and some other guy.

When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?

No idea. 

Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?

Little tricks and witty or cute things that Apple has included in some of their software?

Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.

What??

Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?

To infinity and Beyond!!!!

Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?

Printing presses published engravings or woodcuts

What is a camera obscura?

First camera, with an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen

How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?

Used for the safe observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon

From where did the photographic camera develop?

From the camera obscura in a more portable use

Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?

Sir John Hershel, derived from the Greek words light and writing

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?

Joseph Niepce

Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

Louis Daguerre invented the Daguerreotype process. Exposure time decreased and could be permanently exposed by immersing the paper in salt. The downside was that it was expensive and could not be duplicated

Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

William Fox Talbot invented the Calotype process. It could be duplicated, became the basis of our modern photographic process

Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

Fredrick Scott Archer invented the Wet Collodion process. Exposure time was reduced to two or three seconds, and the cost was significantly less. But the wet plates had to be developed immediately, making it difficult to carry around

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

Richard Maddox invented the Dry Plate process. Using gelatin rather than collodion, making it easier to develop, but still too hard for the public.

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
He created Eastman Kodak Company, he made photography accessible by inventing roll film

In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?

Sped up the process of recording multiple images

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?

Patenting polarized light filters and instant photography, establishing Polaroid

How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?

60 seconds

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?

Motion picture photography, he was an English photographer known for his work using multiple cameras to capture motion

What is the Zoopraxiscope?

Used to project a series of images in successive phases of motion

How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?

All four of a horse's legs come off the ground while galloping by placing a series of large cameras in a line, each being triggered by a thread as the horse passed by

In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?

Allowed for individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel

What is a motion picture projector?

 Shined light through the film and that is magnified, showing the moving picture onto a screen

The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Scholes

What is a "stenographer"?

Stenographers take notes on what people say

Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?

He realized that stenographers would be among the first and most important users

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?

It still took too long to typeset and copy the words onto a typewriter from his notes

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?

Ottomar Mergenthaler

What is meant by "typesetting"?

Casting type from a metal matrix versus papier-mache

How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?

Allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand and produced a solid line of type by casting hot lead into a series of molds that corresponded to individual letters

How did this machine change the newspaper industry?

Made it easier for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?

90 characters, and no shift key, left to right.

What is a slug?

An assembled line of type cast as a single piece

Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?

Allowed for fast typing and the ability to print things in larger amounts and faster.

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?

He is credited with inventing the technology of printing with moveable type in 1450

How did the printing press work?

It was a hand press in which ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set block letters held within a wooden frame, the form was then pressed against a sheet of paper

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?

His love of reading motivated him

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?

Woodcuts were not durable; they split in the press after repeated use

What is moveable type?

The system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document

What is a matrix?

Hard metal that is hammered into a softer copper bar to create a mold

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?

An oil-based ink, which was better than water-based ink

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?

A substrate made from wood pulp, created by Ts'ai Lun in 105 AD

What is a "substrate"?
A surface that is created out of another object

Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?

Gutenberg asked John Fust to invest. But Gutenberg could not repay the loan, after 5 years; Fust sued Gutenberg and the judge ruled in favor of Fust. Fust got the press, tools, and materials

What was the first book he printed?

A two-volume Bible for 300 Florins each, 1455

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?

Made it easier to read, current information could be shared locally and around the world, the cost of books decreased, demand grew, and the population became more literate. Led to the beginning of the Renaissance

Who introduced the printing press to England?

William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476

What was the early form of newspapers?

1525 Trade Newsletters

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
In 1704, the first American news weekly, and The Boston Letter, began publication by John Campbell in Boston, MA

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?

A complete iron press

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?

Impression-how many blocks of type it could press onto paper

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?

Relief printing; moveable type is placed into the press, ink is spread onto the type. Paper is placed on top, then the press applies the direct pressure to the paper

What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?

An area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink. Ink is applied, and  then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. Damp paper is placed on top and then the press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?

Image carrier is attached to a screen; ink is forced through open mesh areas

What is lithography and how is ink transferred?

Planographic- based on the concept that oil and water do not mix. Printing from a flat surface, artwork is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon, water is then applied

What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?

Offset Lithography
 

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?

Today's presses are electric and can produce things at a much faster. No more movable type plates are used, and it does not use pressure on top of the paper

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
A combination of layers of dots on paper in cyan, magenta, yellow, and black that, when combined, creates the effect of other colors

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?

They only allowed for sequential usage so that readers had to read the text in the order that it was written

What is a codex?

Covered and bound collection of hand written pages

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?

It was like a block split into tablets for writing on

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?

Sequential access someone must go through the scroll to find a certain passage and Random access someone can go to any point to find information

What were the advantages of using the codex?

They could use random access to find something in the text, and the Codex could also be opened flat to any page; also more portable and was easier to organize in libraries because the title could be written on the spine

What helped spread the use of the codex?

Its format was adopted for the early Bible

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?

Parchment replaced papyrus; substrate made from animal skin; hair and fat removed and skin was smoothed out, the hide was then soaked in water, calcium, flour, and salt were added, the skin was stretched out, flattened, and finally dried

What is vellum?

Animal skin that was prepared to be written on

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?

Bibles, dictionaries, Harry Potter, other large-bound books

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?

The decline of the Roman Empire, resulting in fewer books being created

Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?

Monastic monks

What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
Illumination refers to the borders, illustrations, and ornamentation added to each page of text

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?

Animal skins and natural quill pens

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?

The work was too laborious for a more common use

What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?

The quality at which something is created, and it is important because it makes things appealing to the eye and easier to understand